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- <text id=91TT1386>
- <title>
- June 24, 1991: Peddling Big Brother
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- June 24, 1991 Thelma & Louise
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- TECHNOLOGY, Page 62
- Peddling Big Brother
- </hdr><body>
- <p>Foreign governments are snapping up surveillance systems that are
- produced--but proscribed--in the West
- </p>
- <p>By PHILIP ELMER-DEWITT/WASHINGTON--With reporting by John Dunn/
- Sydney and Narunart Prapanya/Bangkok
- </p>
- <p> As a newcomer to the world of computers, the government
- of Thailand was surprised and flattered last summer when it won a
- prize for being a "hero of the information age" from the
- Smithsonian Institution and Computerworld magazine. The award,
- which focused world attention on the Interior Ministry's efforts
- to computerize the country's social services, proved to be a
- mixed blessing. Technocrats may admire systems like Bangkok's,
- which by 2006 will have stored vital data on 65 million Thais
- in a single, integrated computer network. But civil libertarians
- are appalled. Simon Davies, an Australian expert on such
- technology for the watchdog group Privacy International, says
- Bangkok's prizewinning program is, potentially, "one of the most
- repressive surveillance systems the world has ever seen."
- </p>
- <p> Thailand's population data-base system--the largest of
- its kind--has become a symbol for an alarming trend. Even as
- Western nations place new limits on what they permit computers
- to do with sensitive personal data, some of their biggest
- computer firms have begun selling to Third World governments
- systems that are far more invasive than any permitted back home.
- In some cases, though not necessarily Thailand's, computers
- with vast potential for misuse are being sold to governments
- with long histories of human-rights violations.
- </p>
- <p> At first glance the Thai system, which is being considered
- for possible adoption by Indonesia and the Philippines, seems
- harmless enough. Every citizen over age 15 will be required to
- carry a card bearing a color photo, various pertinent facts
- (name, address and so on) and an identification number. Most
- Thais are happy to get their IDs, which distinguish citizens
- from noncitizens (including a large population of refugees) and
- simplify all sorts of bureaucratic transactions, from receiving
- health-care benefits to enrolling a child in school.
- </p>
- <p> But behind the cards are a $50 million computer system and
- sophisticated software that could enable a Big Brother
- government to create a dossier quickly that would tell it just
- about anything it wanted to know about anybody. The program,
- which runs on three top-of-the-line Control Data mainframes, is
- known as a relational data base, and it permits bureaucrats to
- correlate the files of otherwise disparate government offices.
- If the necessary links to the revenue and police departments are
- put in place, a few key taps could cross-reference criminal
- records to tax records to religious and family information in
- order to draw a startlingly detailed description of any
- individual or group. Thai officials say they have no plans to
- create those links.
- </p>
- <p> Most industrialized nations have evolved legal codes to
- protect their citizens from such invasions of privacy. The basic
- principle is laid out in the U.S. Privacy Act of 1974, which at
- least in theory restricts the government from taking computer
- data gathered for one purpose (say, the census) and using them
- for another purpose (say, tax collection). Another guiding
- precept is that unique numerical identifiers--like Thailand's
- ID numbers--should be avoided because they make dossier
- preparation temptingly easy. That is why the American Civil
- Liberties Union gets so upset when a Social Security number is
- used beyond its original intent.
- </p>
- <p> The potential for abuse of such systems has been amply
- demonstrated. Until quite recently, the white-ruled government
- of South Africa employed pass-card and fingerprint systems,
- running on computers supplied by IBM and the British firm ICL,
- to enforce travel restrictions on the black population. This
- practice eventually led to a U.S.-government ban on the sale of
- computers to any apartheid-enforcing agency.
- </p>
- <p> Today Israel uses a work-permit card system, running on
- U.S. equipment (the name of the supplier is an Israeli secret),
- to monitor the movement of Palestinians living in the occupied
- territories. Singapore, known for its strict regulation of
- everything from littering to drug peddling, has purchased more
- than $12 million worth of computer equipment from NEC, including
- a machine-readable ID-card system (with laser-engraved
- thumbprint) and an automated fingerprint-identification system.
- </p>
- <p> Such systems are particularly attractive to governments
- troubled by civilian unrest. Guatemala, where death squads have
- been linked to hundreds of extrajudicial executions and
- "disappearances," purchased computer surveillance software from
- Israel in the early 1980s. Within the next few weeks, Taiwan is
- expected to award contracts worth $270 million for its own
- "residential-information system." Among the bidders: Unisys,
- Digital Equipment Corp., NEC and ICL.
- </p>
- <p> The sale of these systems will continue to spread unless
- the U.S. and other vendor nations take steps to stop it. At
- present the U.S. State and Commerce departments have strict
- rules governing the export of weapons systems and computers with
- potential military uses. But with the exception of the South
- African ban, there are no regulations preventing the sale of
- relational-data-base systems to countries that lack basic
- constitutional safeguards. "The U.S. claims to have a role as
- the moral leader in protecting freedom and democracy," complains
- Marc Rotenberg, Washington director of Computer Professionals
- for Social Responsibility. "But we are becoming
- surveillance-technology merchants to the world."
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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